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My tragedy must have some idle mirth in't,

Else it will never pass (IV.i.119-20)http://www.essayquality.com/a/xinwenzixun/

The Duke's comment suggests that an increasingly demanding audience will no longer accept the single-minded classical plays of strict comedy or tragedy, but demand a sophistication of genre. The White Devil is not unique in its admission of tragicomedy, but it is treated as an expression of doubt about the tragic absolutes and as part of a critical double-vision.

Incidents are repeated an parodied throughout Webster's play, and this system of parallels is used to undermine the tragic status of the patrician characters. In the final scene the tragic hero Flamineo acts out a grotesque fiction of his own death, which is ironically followed by real murder. The farcical ending is paralleled with the authentic tragic image. With its elaborate system of repetition and parody, its ironic contrasts between interpretations of events, and the insistence that every incident is intimately connected with other incidents, The White Devil emphasises the shifting values and ironic double-visions of tragicomedy into the tragic framework of aspiration, failure, and ultimately death, depicting the double standard of the new society.

The action of the play is confined to the relatively narrow setting of Rome and the court at Padua, hinting to the world beyond that of stage. Critics have often found the number of characters in The White Devil problematic, citing difficulties in staging a production with so many bodies on stage. However, John Russell Brown (1940) has called attention to 'Webster's power of using violent and crowded scenes for sudden and, therefore, striking manifestations of an individual's lies or hypocrisy, the “variety” of a “busy trade of life”' (Brown 453). In the final act, the presence of so many members of the courtly society emphasises Flamineo's fall from power, defining the extent of the competition for the Duke's favour and the uncertainty of Flamineo's future now that his relationship with his master is ruined. As a young lord reports to Flamineo concerning Bracciano, 'A new vp-start: one that swears like a Falckner, and will lye in the Dukes eare day by day like a maker of Almanacks' (V.i. 138-9).

The White Devil deals with private behaviour made public, and public behaviour motivated by questionable private interests. Vittoria's trial reveals her illicit liaison with Bracciano and the murderous consequences, but it is this public censure which results in private revenge. In comparison with Shakespearean tragedies such as Hamlet, or classical tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, the play is extremely social and emphasises Webster's preoccupation with the intertwined spheres of public probity and private corruption.

The White Devil focuses on the individual's freedom of choice between good and evil, human dignity and the fall from grace, binaries which appear to conform to the traditional Christian morality. Lodovico is accused by Antonelli and Gasparo: 'Worse then these, / You have acted certaine Murders here in Rome, / Bloody and full of horror' (I.i.31-32), and Gasparo continues 'O my Lord / The law doth sometimes mediate, thinkes it good / Not ever to steepe violent sinnes in blood, / This gentle penance may both end your crimes, / And in the example better these bad times' (I.i.33-37). Ludovico is presented a choice, but instead turns to criminality and revenge. His crimes have been presented, the possibility of reform and exoneration provided, and yet he wilfully chooses his course of conduct in spite of this. He exercises his free will, but unlike the Aristotelian tragic hero his destructive path is not redemptive in bringing out moral responsibility.

         阅读学术文献、管理学术文献、整理学术文献是我们留学生写Essay必经三部曲。literature notes几乎是文献阅读和文献管理最有效的途径，是一个学者从新手变为高手的必经之路。在记笔记之前，我们首先要分清手里的这篇学术文章是一篇theoretical paper（理论性文章）还是empirical paper(实证性文章)。     　
　

         理论性文章没有数据，写文章的目的是为了提出一个概念性的观点或搭建理论框架，而不是去验证某个假设是否真实。这类文章我们在记笔记时一定不能错过的部分有：　

         thesis   　　

         Primary thesis（文章主旨---文章想说啥？如果不明显就自己去总结）   　　

         components   　　

         Critical components of the argument that support the thesis(文章通过哪些支持性的的论述去argue这个主旨？)

      propositions   　　

         Basic propositions/elements of the theory or framework（文章中理论框架的核心组成都有什么？基本的命题假设有哪些？）

         实证性文章则是通过数据去验证某个或某几个实证假设------文章的目的不是给出一个全景，不是给出所有问题的答案，不是构建理论框架，而是只关注某一个假设问题去验证，只关注某一个或某几个dependent variable(因变量)和independent variable（自变量）。　　

         question(s)   　　

         Research question(s)(文章的研究问题是什么？---通常好的实证研究都有非常具体的研究问题，我们要把它拎出来)

      Hypotheses   　　

         Hypotheses(文章的实证假设是什么？---一般会非常显眼得列在文章里：Hypothesis1,Hypothesis 2…)   　　

         Methods   　　

         Methods/measures used(该实证研究用了什么方法收集数据、测量变量、分析数据？)Key findings(该研究发现了什么研究结果？哪些假设被支持，哪些并没有成立？)   　　

         findings   　　

         Key findings(该研究发现了什么研究结果？哪些假设被支持，哪些并没有成立？)  
　　
无论是理论性文章还是实证性文章，我们都应该在文献笔记中记录的是：   　　

         ①有哪些重要的观点你想要记住，或是将来可能会引用到（key citations）；   　　

         ②有哪些结论你将来可能用到；   　　

         ③有哪些方法你将来可能用到；   　　

         ④文章在研究设计上有哪些不足?有没有更好的改进方法？   　　

         ⑤文章让你想到了哪些观点类似或者完全不同的其他文章？   　　

         ⑥你对文章中观点、论述、方法、讨论等部分有什么想法和critique？   　　

         ⑦文献笔记该使用什么结构？  
　　

         记文献笔记的软件工具有很多不同种类----Word和Excel是常见的记笔记途径，也可以使用Evernote或其他很多做笔记的软件---其实形式上万变不离其宗，你自己用着好才是真的好。此外，有的时候为了综述某一主题现有的诸多实证研究的结果，你也可以用下面这种结构来对比和归纳相关主题的不同研究使用了哪些不同的自变量(IV)，因变量（DV），以及研究结果的关系(positive/negative/nonsignificant)。这种方法的好处是可以一目了然的对比不同实证研究的关注重点和研究结果。   　　

         读文献和记文献笔记是一个researcher的终身事业，我们永远都在路上。新的学年，大家要撸起袖子加油干，争取早日写完Essay~